Sebacic Acid: A Technical Deep Dive into Bio-Based Decanedioic Acid

1. Technical Overview

Sebacic Acid, chemically known as decanedioic acid ($C_{10}H_{18}O_4$), is a naturally derived dicarboxylic acid produced through the high-temperature dry distillation of castor oil (specifically ricinoleic acid) with sodium hydroxide. It is a white, crystalline flake or powder. In industrial chemistry, Sebacic acid is a critical “bridge” molecule, used as a fundamental building block for high-performance polymers, specialized plasticizers, and synthetic lubricants. Its long, linear 10-carbon chain provides exceptional flexibility and thermal stability to the products derived from it, making it a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based dicarboxylic acids like adipic acid.

2. Chemical Structure & Composition

The molecular structure of Sebacic acid is characterized by two terminal carboxyl (-COOH) groups separated by a chain of eight methylene ($-CH_2-$) groups.

• Molecular Weight: 202.25 g/mol.

• Purity: Available in grades from 98.5% to 99.5%+.

• Bifunctionality: The two carboxyl groups allow for easy polymerization and esterification, leading to high-molecular-weight chains.

The high purity and low level of mono-carboxylic acids ensure that during polymerization, the chain growth is consistent, which is vital for the mechanical properties of engineering plastics.

3. Physical & Chemical Properties

• Appearance: White crystalline powder or granules.

• Melting Point: 131°C to 134.5°C.

• Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water; highly soluble in alcohol and ether.

• Flash Point: ~220°C.

• Acidity: Strong bifunctional acid capable of forming stable metallic salts and esters.

4. Reaction Chemistry

The versatility of Sebacic acid is driven by its carboxyl groups:

1. Polycondensation: Reacts with hexamethylene diamine to produce Nylon 6,10, known for its low moisture absorption.

2. Esterification: Reacts with alcohols (like 2-ethylhexanol or butanol) to form DOS (Dioctyl Sebacate) or DBS (Dibutyl Sebacate).

3. Neutralization: Forms salts with metals (like sodium or amine salts) used as corrosion inhibitors in metalworking fluids.

5. When to Use vs. When NOT to Use

Use Sebacic Acid when:

• Manufacturing high-performance polyamides (Nylon 6,10, Nylon 10,10, Nylon 10,12).

• Producing biodegradable plastics (like PBS – Polybutylene Succinate-co-sebacate).

• Formulating low-temperature synthetic lubricants and greases.

Do NOT use Sebacic Acid when:

• The application requires rapid solubility in cold water (use water-soluble salts of the acid instead).

• A short-chain dicarboxylic acid (like Adipic) is sufficient for a low-cost, less flexible polymer.

6. Compatibility Profile

Sebacic acid and its derivatives are highly compatible with:

• Polymers: PVC, ABS, and various synthetic rubbers as a plasticizing component.

• Chemicals: Readily reacts with glycols to form polyester polyols for polyurethanes.

• Additives: Works well with antioxidants and UV stabilizers in plastic compounding.

7. Manufacturing Process (Product Focus)

The production of Sebacic acid at Nova Industries involves:

1. Cleavage: Ricinoleic acid is reacted with caustic soda (NaOH) at high temperatures (250°C+).

2. Acidification: The resulting sodium sebacate is treated with sulfuric acid to precipitate the crude Sebacic acid.

3. Purification: Multi-stage recrystallization and activated carbon treatment remove the byproduct (2-octanol) and trace organic impurities.

4. Drying: The final product is vacuum-dried to ensure a moisture content below 0.3%.

8. Technical Specifications Table

Parameter	Specification (High Purity)
Appearance	White Crystalline Granules/Powder
Sebacic Acid Content	99.5% Min
Ash Content	0.03% Max
Moisture Content	0.3% Max
Melting Point	131.0 – 134.5°C
Color (APHA)	15 Max (in 10% Alcohol)
Iron (Fe)	3 ppm Max

9. Quality Grade Analysis

Nova Industries focuses on the Ash Content and Iron levels. High ash or iron content can cause discoloration in Nylon and affect the dielectric properties of electrical grade polymers. Our refined process ensures that these trace metals are minimized to meet the stringent requirements of the global fiber and film industries.

10. Impact of Impurities

• Mono-acids: Act as chain terminators in polymerization, resulting in brittle plastics with low tensile strength.

• Moisture: Can lead to “clumping” of the powder, making it difficult to feed into automated dosing systems.

11. Industry-Wise Application 1: Engineering Plastics

Sebacic acid is the primary feedstock for Nylon 6,10. This polymer is prized for its low moisture absorption compared to Nylon 6,6, making it ideal for precision parts in automotive and electrical applications, as well as high-quality bristles for toothbrushes and industrial brushes.

12. Industry-Wise Application 2: Synthetic Lubricants

Esters of Sebacic acid, such as Dioctyl Sebacate (DOS), are used as base oils for jet engine lubricants and automotive greases. They offer an exceptionally high viscosity index and a very low pour point, ensuring performance in extreme sub-zero temperatures.

13. Industry-Wise Application 3: Biodegradable Polymers

In the emerging market of bioplastics, Sebacic acid is used to create biodegradable polyesters. These materials provide the necessary mechanical toughness and flexible life required for eco-friendly packaging and agricultural mulch films.

14. Industry-Wise Application 4: Corrosion Inhibitors

In the metalworking and engine coolant industries, Sebacic acid salts are used to provide superior corrosion protection for aluminum and multi-metal systems.

15. Formulation Guide

• Polymerization: Ensure the molar ratio between Sebacic acid and the diamine is precisely 1:1 for maximum molecular weight.

• Handling: As a fine powder, use pneumatic conveying or closed-loop systems to minimize dust exposure.

16. Sustainability Data

Sebacic Acid is 100% bio-based. It allows manufacturers to reduce their reliance on petroleum-sourced dicarboxylic acids, significantly lowering the “GWP” (Global Warming Potential) of the finished resins and lubricants.

17. Packaging & Logistics (Technical)

• Standard: 25kg Paper bags with inner PE liner.

• Bulk: 500kg or 1000kg Jumbo Bags.

• Logistics: Non-hazardous for transport. Keep dry and protected from strong odors.

18. Storage Science

Sebacic acid is chemically stable but should be stored in a cool, dry place. Prolonged exposure to humidity can cause “caking.” It should be kept away from strong oxidizing agents to prevent any risk of degradation.

19. Troubleshooting Guide

• Problem: Yellowish tint in the final polymer. Solution: Check the iron content of the Sebacic acid or the temperature profile of the reactor.

• Problem: Low molecular weight in Nylon. Solution: Verify the purity of the acid; even a 1% impurity can significantly impact chain length.

20. Regulatory Compliance

Our Sebacic Acid is REACH Compliant, TSCA listed, and meets the international standards for use in food-contact materials (polyamide coatings).

21. Safety (SDS Summary)

• Handling: Wear a dust mask and safety goggles. It is a mild skin and eye irritant.

• Fire: Not a flammable solid, but can burn if involved in a fire. Use water spray or CO2.

• Dust Explosion: As with any organic powder, avoid creating dust clouds near ignition sources.

22. Sample Validation Process

Check the Melting Point and Sebacic Acid Content via titration. For polymer applications, a laboratory-scale polymerization test is the best way to confirm the absence of chain terminators.

23. Commercial Efficiency

By using Nova Industries’ high-purity Sebacic Acid, manufacturers can produce higher-performance polymers with fewer rejects. The low ash and low color values directly translate to better final product aesthetics and durability.

24. Technical FAQs

1. Is Sebacic Acid petroleum-based? No, Nova Industries’ Sebacic Acid is 100% derived from natural castor oil.

2. Can I use it to make bio-plastic? Yes, it is a key component in several biodegradable and bio-based polyester resins.

3. What is the difference between Sebacic and Adipic acid? Sebacic acid has 10 carbons (higher flexibility, lower water absorption), whereas Adipic has 6 (lower cost, higher water absorption).

25. Contact CTA

For Technical Data Sheets (TDS), safety protocols, or to request a sample, please contact our export department: export@novaind.in

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